Post-operative sensitivity is caused by incorrect bonding techniques, but has become less significant with the introduction of self-etch adhesives, which are less technique sensitive than the traditional etch-and-rinse adhesives.
Sensitivity can be caused by:
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Over etching dentin (with Phosphoric Acid)
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Under priming of dentin
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Over aggressively air thinning the adhesive, with excessive air pressure
In addition, the application of a calcium silicate liner on deep dentin can eliminate post-operative sensitivity due to its ability to seal dentin & act as a thermal insulator.
Finally, the addition of a Glutaraldehyde-containing desensitizing agent can also decrease post-operative sensitivity.